William Howard Taft became the twenty-seventh President of the United States on March 4, 1909.
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
In 1910 President Taft's Secretary of the Interior, Richard A. Ballinger, returned to the public market several federal lands which had been earmarked to be ranger stations by conservationists under the Roosevelt administration. When Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot learned of Ballinger's intentions he launched a public attack on the secretary. When Pinchot refused to stop his attack on Ballinger in spite of President Taft's request, the President dismissed him. The dismissal of Pinchot triggered a split in the Republican party which would culminate in the 1912 election with President Taft running against former President Roosevelt.
Antitrust Suit Against U.S. Steel
In October of 1911 President Taft's administration brought an antitrust suit against U.S. Steel. The focus of the federal government's investigation of the industrial giant was its 1907 purchase of the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company, a purchase which had been unofficially authorized by President Roosevelt. Roosevelt viewed the investigation as a personal attack by his former friend President Taft. Theodore Roosevelt announced his intention to run against Taft in the coming election early in 1912.
Legislation
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act
In 1909 Congress passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act. The tariff act reduced protective tariffs, returning rates almost to what they had been under the Dingley Tariff Act of 1897.
Mann-Elkins Act
In 1910 Congress passed the Mann-Elkins Act which increased the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission by allowing it to suspend rate increases without being required to first wait for a complaint from a shipper.
Children's Bureau Created
In 1912 President Taft created the Children's Bureau in the Department of Labor to address the problems of children within the nation's work force.
Department of Labor Established
The first government office to deal with the concerns of labor, the Bureau of Labor, was established in 1884 as part of the Department of the Interior. In 1903 the office became a part of the Department of Labor and Commerce. In 1913 the Department of Labor was established as an independent office within the executive branch.
Sixteenth Amendment
The Sixteenth Amendment, providing for the levying of a federal income tax, was ratified by Congress in 1913.
Seventeenth Amendment
Ratified in 1913 the Seventeenth Amendment provided for the direct election of senators.